Diabetes

Diabetes mellitus is a condition in which the body either does not produce enough, or does not properly respond to, insulin, a hormone produced in the pancreas. Insulin enables cells to absorb glucose in order to turn it into energy in to the body. In diabetes, the body either fails to respond to its own insulin, does not make enough insulin, or both. This causes glucose to accumulate in the blood, often leading to various complications. There are 2 types of diabetes. Type 1: Results from the body's failure to produce insulin, and Type 2: Results from Insulin resistance, a condition in which cells fail to use insulin properly.The immune system is affected when levels of glucose (blood sugar) rise above normal.

Common symptoms of diabetes include:
Excessive thirst and appetite
Increased urination

Unusual weight loss or gain

Fatigue

Nausea, perhaps vomiting

http://yourtotalhealth.ivillage.com/immune-system-diabetes.html

http://diabetes.webmd.com/guide/understanding-diabetes-symptoms

The Aneurysm

some symptoms ofhis disease is...

>Nausea and vomiting

>Stiff neck or neck pain

>Blurred vision or double vision

>Pain above and behind the eye

>Dilated pupils

>Sensitivity to light

>Loss of sensation

This disease attacks your circulitory system and resperitory system. It makes a blood clot in a blood vessel and pops when its full and also it hurts your sight and some of your movement, like your neck.

The sites I used for this assignment were...

.Google.com

.Brainaneurysm.com

hey Mrs.bernstein, i finally figured out how to do it. im not posting assignment one because i handed it to you today in class.

DRACUNCULIASIS: GUINEA WORM DISEASE

Dracunculiasis (also known as Guinea worm disease) is a parasitic infection that is found exclusively in poor countries in Africa (an eradication campaign by the World Health Organization has helped to reduce the number of infected countries from 20 to 5). Guinea worm disease begins when water fleas ingest the worm larvae from ponds, streams, or other bodies of water. After two weeks, the larvae matures and are capable of causing GWD if water flea is not filtered from water prior to drinking.

Once in the stomach, acid will digest the water flea but the worm larvae will remain. The worm will burrow through the stomach lining into the abdominal cavity where a female worm will attempt to mate with a male worm. After mating occurs, the male dies and is absorbed by the female. This occurs approximately three months after the initial infection. From there, the female burrows even further into the body and matures, growing to lengths of up to three feet, and as wide as "spaghetti noodle". After one year, the worm will attempt to leave the body and release its larvae into a water source. This is usually the only time that the parasite is detectable and when symptoms occur.

Symptoms: In the days leading up to the worm's evacuation from the body, symptoms can include fever, and swelling and pain of the area in which the worm is emerging (which 90% of the time is the lower limbs and feet). This pain induced from this process is often described as "disabling". While the disease itself is not life-threatening, the resulting lesion from the worm can lead to serious infection such as tetanus which can cause permanent disability.

Systems Infected: The majority of the abdominal cavity is infected as this is where the worm flourishes. Serious complications rarely arise just from the worm being in the body, but infection can result from the worm's exit. The worm almost always exits through the legs.

Sources: http://www.reiseklinikken.no/webbilder/guinea-worm.jpg
http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dpd/parasites/dracunculiasis/factsht_dracunculiasis.htm

Parkinson's Disease

Parkinson’s disease is part of a group of motor system disorders. There is no known cause for Parkinson’s disease but it is believed that it may be due to an undersupply of dopamine in the brain. About 60,000 Americans are newly diagnosed each year, and more than 1.5 million Americas are affected at one time. More people suffer from Parkinson’s disease than multiple sclerosis, muscular dystrophy, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis combined.

Symptoms

Tremor (trembling in the hands, arms, legs, jaw, and face)

Stiffness/Rigidity (of the limbs and trunk)

Bradykinesia (slowness of movement)

Posture instability (impaired balance or coordination)

Treatment

There is no cure for Parkinson’s disease but there are some forms of relief for symptoms. Levodopa combined with carbidopa helps about three-quarters of Parkinson’s patients. Carbidopa delays the conversion of levodopa into dopamine until it reaches the brain. In addition, the nerve cells can use levodopa to replenish the brain’s supply of dopamine. This can reduce the rigidity and slowness of movement. There are other types of drugs that can mimic the role of dopamine in the brain, so that the neurons react how they should with dopamine. Patients experiencing tremor may have reduced symptoms, but balance and other problems may not be alleviated at all. One alternative for patients who have Parkinson’s is to have deep brain stimulation, or DBS therapy. This type of surgical procedure involves implanting electrodes into the brain to attach to a pulse generating device.

Body Systems Affected

Parkinson’s disease dramatically affects the central nervous system. However it can cause problems with all the systems of the body mainly including the skeletal system and muscular system. Dopamine produced in the body can affect smooth and coordinated muscle movement.

Polymyositis

Polymyositis is a disease that effects your muscles. Inflammation occurs in your muscles because white blood cells invade your muscles. The muscles near your torso are the ones that are mainly effected. This disease is slightly more common in women and it occurs to people of all age groups. There is still no information on what causes this disease but in some cases it is found to be hereditary.

Symptoms:
-Weakness of muscles causing loss of muscle power.
-Fatigue (weight loss,fever)
-Skin effects-swelling around eyes,red discoloration over knuckles/knees/elbows, reddish rash on face/neck/upper chest.

Treatment:
-High doses of cortisone medication
-Immune suppression
-Physical Therapy

Source: http://www.medicinenet.com/polymyositis/page4.htm#5howis

OSTEOPOROSIS

Osteoporosis is a condition characterized by the loss of the normal density of bone, resulting in fragile bone. Osteoporosis leads to literally abnormally porous bone that is more compressible like a sponge, than dense like a brick. This disorder of the skeleton weakens the bone causing an increase in the risk for breaking bones (bone fracture). In the early stages of osteoporosis, you probably will not have symptoms. As the disease progresses, you may have symptoms related to weakened bones, including:

• Back pain.
  



• Loss of height and stooped posture.
  



• A curved upper back (dowager's hump).
  



• Broken bones (fractures) that might occur with a minor injury, especially in the hip, spine, and wrist.
  



• Compression fractures in the spine that may cause severe back pain.

Sources:

https://www.storesonlinepro.com/files/1653108/uploaded/osteoporosis-illustrated.jpg

http://www.webmd.com/osteoporosis/default.htm

Coronary Heart Disease

What is Heart Disease? - Coronary Heart Disease

Coronary heart disease is usually caused by a condition called atherosclerosis, which occurs when fatty material and a substance called plaque build up on the walls of your arteries. This causes them to get narrow. As the coronary arteries narrow, blood flow to the heart can slow down or stop. This can cause chest pain (stable angina), shortness of breath, heart attack, and other symptoms.
Coronary heart disease is the leading cause of death in the United States for men and women.

Many things increase your risk for heart disease:
Men in their 40s have a higher risk of CHD than women. But as women get older (especially after they reach menopause), their risk increases to almost equal that of a man's risk. See: Heart disease and women
Bad genes (heredity) can increase your risk. You are more likely to develop the condition if someone in your family has had a history of heart disease -- especially if they had it before age 50. Your risk for CHD goes up the older you get.
Diabetes is a strong risk factor for heart disease.
High blood pressure increases your risk of coronary artery disease and heart failure.
Abnormal cholesterol levels: your LDL ("bad") cholesterol should be as low as possible, and your HDL ("good") cholesterol should be as high as possible.
Metabolic syndrome refers to high triglyceride levels, high blood pressure, excess body fat around the waist, and increased insulin levels. People with this group of problems have an increased chance of getting heart disease.
Smokers have a much higher risk of heart disease than nonsmokers.
Chronic kidney disease can increase your risk.
Already having atherosclerosis or hardening of the arteries in another part of your body (examples are stroke and abdominal aortic aneurysm) increases your risk of having coronary heart disease.
Other risk factors including alcohol abuse, not getting enough exercise, and excessive amounts of stress.
Higher-than-normal levels of inflammation-related substances, such as C-reactive protein and fibrinogen are being studied as possible indicators of an increased risk for heart disease.
Increased levels of a chemical called homocysteine, an amino acid, are also linked to an increased risk of a heart attack.

Tests & diagnosis
Many tests help diagnose CHD. Usually, your doctor will order more than one test before making a definite diagnosis.
Tests may include:
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
Exercise stress test
Echocardiogram
Nuclear scan
Electron-beam computed tomography (EBCT) to look for calcium in the lining of the arteries -- the more calcium

Prevention
See your health care provider regularly.
Tips for preventing CHD or lowering your risk of the disease:
Avoid or reduce stress as best as you can.
Don't smoke.
Eat well-balanced meals that are low in fat and cholesterol and include several daily servings of fruits and vegetables.
Get regular exercise. If your weight is considered normal, get at least 30 minutes of exercise every day. If you are overweight or obese, experts say you should get 60 - 90 minutes of exercise every day.
Keep your blood pressure below 130/80 mmHg if you have diabetes or chronic kidney disease, and below 140/90 otherwise
Keep your cholesterol and blood sugar under control.
Moderate amounts of alcohol (one glass a day for women, two for men) may reduce your risk of cardiovascular problems. However, drinking larger amounts does more harm than good.
If you have one or more risk factors for coronary heart disease, talk to your doctor about possibly taking an aspirin a day to help prevent a heart attack or stroke. You may be prescribed low-dose aspirin therapy if the benefit is likely to outweigh the risk of gastrointestinal side effects.
New guidelines no longer recommend hormone replacement therapy, vitamins E or C, antioxidants, or folic acid to prevent heart disease. The use of hormone replacement therapy in women who are close to menopause or who have finished menopause is controversial at this time.

DIABETES

Diabetes is a condition in which the body either does not produce enough, or does not properly respond to, insulin a hormone produced in the pancreas. Insulin enables cells to absorb glucose in order to turn it into energy. In diabetes, the body either fails to properly respond to its own insulin, does not make enough insulin, or both. This causes glucose to accumulate in the blood, often leading to various complications.

There are many different types of diabetes :

Type 1 diabetes are results from the body's failure to produce insulin. It is estimated that 5-10% of Americans who are diagnosed with diabetes have type 1 diabetes. Presently almost all persons with type 1 diabetes must take insulin injections.

Type 2 diabetes are results from Insulin resistance, a condition in which cells fail to use insulin properly, sometimes combined with relative insulin deficiency. Most Americans who are diagnosed with diabetes have type 2 diabetes. Many people destined to develop type 2 diabetes spend many years in a state of Pre-diabetes: Termed "America's largest healthcare epidemic, pre-diabetes indicates a condition that occurs when a person's blood glucose levels are higher than normal but not high enough for a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes. As of 2009 there are 57 million Americans who have pre-diabetes.

Gestational diabetes: Pregnant women who have never had diabetes before but who have high blood sugar (glucose) levels during pregnancy are said to have gestational diabetes. Gestational diabetes affects about 4% of all pregnant women.

All forms of diabetes have been treatable since insulin became medically available in 1921, but there is no cure for the common types except a pancreas transplant, although gestational diabetes usually resolves after delivery. Diabetes and its treatments can cause many complications.

sources:

www.diabetes.org/about-diabetes.jsp

www.diabetes.com/
www.jdrf.org/

smal pox

The diseaseAccording to the smallpox is an acute, contagious, and sometimes fatal disease caused by the variola virus. Symptoms of smallpox begin with high fever, head and body aches, and sometimes vomiting. A rash follows that spreads and progresses to raised bumps and pus-filled blisters that crust, scab, and fall off after about three weeks, leaving a pitted scar.
A person exposed to smallpox virus will initially have no symptoms and is not contagious. Sometime between 7 and 17 days later, symptoms will begin. The person becomes most contagious once the rash begins, and remains contagious until the last smallpox scab falls off. it is spread through the air when an infected person breathes, talks, laughs, or coughs
it can also be spread by infected clothing or bed linens
it can spread in any climate or season
there is no treatment or cure
few doctors would know smallpox if they saw it
people who survive it are left with ugly scars on their bodies or face, and some become blind
30% or more of people who contract smallpox die

Alzheimer's Disease

Alzheimer's Disease(AD) is a brain disorder first described by psychiatrist and neuropathologist Alois Alzheimer in the year of 1906. Alzheimer's is the most common form of dementia and stands seventh in causes of death in the United States. Alzheimer's Disease destroys brain cells which is the reason why Alzheimer's accounts for 50 to 70 percent of dementia cases. people who suffer with this disease are vastly affected socially in terms of communication skills and behavioral issues. plaques and tangles which are proteins, kill brain cells.

SYMPTOMS OF ALZHEIMER'S

Alzheimer's has more than one set of specific symptoms.the disease has three stages mild,moderate and severe. the mild stages of Alzheimer's pretty much affect our brains organization,planning and short term memory loss issues. it can also last 2 to 4 years. symptoms of stage one involve

STAGE ONE(MILD)

• getting lost
• difficulty in paying money and bills
• taking longer than usual for daily task
• poor judgement
• changes in personality or mood

STAGE TWO(MODERATE)

stage two is referred to as moderate which can last for 2 to 10years.this is the most notable form of Alzheimer's dementia status. they can still perform there daily task but they usually need assistance.

• forgetting recent events
• forgetting personal history
• difficulties in comprehension
• difficulties in reading and writing
• sudden sleeping disturbances

STAGE THREE(SEVERE)

this is the stage which last the shortest, 1 to 3 years.this form of Alzheimer's is the most critical and will affect the person both mentally and internally.

• loss in speaking
• not recognizing people
• the memory worsens even more
• bladder control and bowl movements are controlled by the Alzheimer's
• making noises while asleep( groaning, moaning, ect..)
• becoming more vulnerable to other types of diseases

TREATMENTS FOR ALZHEIMER'S

there is no cure for Alzheimer's, however there are medicines that can help improve your mentality

COMPLICATIONS OF ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE

• sleeplessness
• agitation
• memory loss
• depression
• anxiety
• severe urinary tract infections(UTI)

Alzheimer's can have a major impact on homeostasis.if we forget how to eat we can't obtain energy for our body. If we forget how to use the bathroom we can't dispose of waste.

SYSTEM AFFECTS

Alzheimer's can affect our nervous system since once Alzheimer's occurs on a certain level stages(depending on one of the three) our brains forget how to fulfill daily task and our mental status can cause us to forget loved ones or other people we know

VIDEO ON ALZHEIMER'S

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9Wv9jrk-gXc

CITATIONS

http://www.ahaf.org/alzheimers/about/symptomsandstages.html

Morgellons

Morgellons

Morgellons stands as a very poorly understood disease that some doctors seem to believe if a chronic infectious disease. Sadly, the disease is usually disfiguring as well as disabling. The disease is classified by biting, itching, or crawling sensations, filaments that grow from the skin, and skin lesions, as well as memory loss, joint paint, and fatigue. Morgellons is still not recognized by the entire medical community, but there have been about 2,000 people within the U.S. who believe they suffer from the disease. Some of the reports are children, who are said to be unable to do normal things such as going to school or playing sports. There is no known cure or effective treatment for Morgellons. Mutiply colors have been found (white, blue, black, red). In particular a burning or itching sensation as if small parasites are crawling on or under the skin. Many of the symptoms are shared, but no one symptom is shared by all individuals, but painful sensations under the skin and accompanying physical structures (fibers and granules) are the most consistent symptoms reported.

Physical-Symptoms
Non-Healing Skin lesions
Sensation of crawling and biting from under the skin (Unknown Arthropod or Parasite)
Appearance of multi-colored fibers and granules protruding out of the skin
Fatigue
Joint swelling or hair loss
Mental-Symptoms
Short-term memory loss, brain fog
Attention Deficit, Bipolar or Obsessive-Compulsive disorders (OCD)
Impaired thought processing

Sources:

http://www.morgellons-disease-research.com/morgellons-disease-symptoms.html

http://www.toptenz.net/top-10-rarest-diseases.php

Muscular Dystrophy

Muscular Dystrophy attacks the muscular system. It leads to severe weakness in muscles and causes a loss in muscle tissues. The condition gets worse over time and eats away at muscle tissues slowly.

Symptoms of Muscular Dystrophy are:

• Mental retardation (in some cases)
• Muscle weakness that gets worse slowly over time
• Delayed development of muscular motor skills
• Difficulty using one or more muscle groups
• Drooling
• Eyelid drooping
• Frequent falls
• Problems walking or delayed walking

There are no cures for Muscular Dystrophy. The only thing that people or doctors can do in order to slow the process of this disease is to try to control it. The way that this is done is doctors tell people with Muscular Dystrophy to stay as active as possible because if they sit around and maintain a lazy life style this will cause the disease to work faster and create even more problems for people with Muscular Dystrophy. Physical therapy is often suggested to help keep muscles working.

Hypopituitarism

Symptoms:Fatigue ,Headaches,Low tolerance for stress,Muscle weakness ,Nausea ,Constipation ,Weight loss or gain ,A decline in appetite ,Abdominal discomfort ,Sensitivity to cold or difficulty staying warm ,Visual disturbances,Loss of underarm and pubic hair,Joint stiffness,Hoarseness ,Facial puffiness ,Thirst and excess urination ,Low blood pressure ,Lightheadedness when standing

Body Systems affected: Hypopituitarism is a disorder in which your body doesn’t make enough pituitary hormones. The pituitary gland is a small, bean-shaped gland at the base of your brain. It is a major controlling part of your body’s endocrine system, a group of glands that produce and secrete hormones to regulate your body’s processes. In hypopituitarism, the pituitary gland fails to produce, or doesn’t produce enough of, one or more of its hormones. When your pituitary gland doesn’t produce enough hormones, your body functions are affected.

Sources: http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/hypopituitarism/DS00479/DSECTION=symptoms

http://familydoctor.org/online/famdocen/home/common/hormone/912.html

Meningitis

Meningitis is a disease that infects the brian and spinal cord. It causes swelling and irritation of membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. This causes changes in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that surrounds the brain and spinal cord. Symptoms include fever and chills, mental changes, vomiting, sensative to light, stiff neck and headache. The nervous system is affected the most because it's a brain and spinal cord disease.

You can also get a rash as a symptom

Meningitis is a main cause of fever in newborn children.

Sources

http://srs.dl.ac.uk/Annual_Reports/AnRep99_00/Meningitis_Figure_1.jpg

www.hipusa.com/.../meningitis/index.html

www.meningitis.com.au/disease_information/neo...

https://www.google.com/health/ref/Meningitis

Acute Bronchitis

Acute bronchitis is an infection of the bronchial tree. The bronchial tree is made up of the tubes that carry air into your lungs. When these tubes get infected, they swell and mucus forms inside them. This makes it hard for you to breathe. Body systems affected by this disease are the respiratory system.

What are the symptoms of acute bronchitis?

The symptoms of acute bronchitis can include:

• Sore throat
• Fever
• A cough that may bring up yellow or green mucus
• Chest congestion
• Shortness of breath
• Wheezing
• Chills
• Body aches

Causes: acute bronchitis is almost always caused by viruses that attack the lining of the bronchial tree and cause infection. As your body fights back against these viruses, more swelling occurs and more mucus is produced. It takes time for your body to kill the viruses and heal the damage to your bronchial tubes.

Treatment: Usually acute bronchitis will go away on its own but it's good to drink lots of fluids. Ibuprofen can be helpful for the swelling and fever, and heightening the humidity of the room you sleep in helps too. For the most part your immune system is strong enough to handle the disease.

Gross Facts: Bronchitis is usually the reason people have that rumbling cough. also causes that yellowish green flegm in the back of your throat you cough up.

Sources:http://familydoctor.org/online/famdocen/home/common/infections/common/mulitsource/677.html
http://www.medicinenet.com/bronchitis/article.htm

Peripheral Arterial Disease

Also called Peripheral Vascular Disease (PVD), it's the narrowing of blood vessels in the abdomen, legs and arms. It doesn't allow enough oxygen to get to your body parts which causes tissues and cells death. It is cause by a build-up of fatty deposits, this disease leads to amputations.

(click picture to enlarge)

• Symptoms

1. muscles pain, aches or cramp, numbness
   
2. cool, pale skin, cold hands and feet
3. reddish-blue color in the skin and nails of the hands and feet
4. sore that takes long time to heal, wounds
5. loss of hair in legs
6. no pulse in legs

(Click picture to enlarge)

• Body System affected
  

1. Circulatory system

• Risk Factors

You are at higher risk if you:

1. Smoke
2. have diabetes
3. are over the age of 45
4. High Cholesterol
5. High blood preassure
6. over weight
   

References pages.

• www.healthinfotranslations.com
• www.merck.com
  

Lets talk about Measles

Measles, mumps, and rubella were once very common diseases in the United States, but they have become rare because of the use of vaccines to prevent them. As with many other diseases, measles, mumps, and rubella generally are more severe in adults than in children. Most adults are immune to all three infections because they had them )or had a vaccine as children. What exactly are measles, well its a childhood viral disease, associated with cough, coryza, conjunctivitis, spots on the buccal mucosa, and rash starting on the head and neck and spreading to the rest of the body.

Symtoms of Measles

- cough like symtoms
- runny nose
- sneezing
- red eyes
- watering eyes
- high fever
- red spots in mouth
- red spots inside cheeks
- rash
- light sensitivity


Treatments for Measles

The best way to treat measles is bed rest, plenty of fluids, paain relief medications, anitbiotics, and vintamin A.




Complications of measles

- breathing difficulty
- very high fever
- servere headaches
- pneumonia
- death
- brain damage
- deafness
- ear ache

i dont really know how measles affect homeostasis, couldnt really find any info about that.

Systems Measles affect

The virus enters the body via the respiratory system, multiplies there, and circulates in the blood. A rash occurs and appears after 14 days' incubation and persists 5-10 days. Serious complications may occur in 1 out of 15 persons; these are mostly respiratory . Though since there is rash it effects the integumentary system.

im logged in! :)

Thats right, i figured out how to work this thing